摘要：電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)以無(wu)序(xu)(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)方式接入配(pei)(pei)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)時與網(wang)(wang)內基(ji)礎用電(dian)負荷(he)(he)疊加(jia)，會形成峰上(shang)加(jia)峰的(de)現(xian)象，不(bu)利(li)于配(pei)(pei)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)穩(wen)(wen)定運(yun)行(xing)。針(zhen)對(dui)(dui)上(shang)述問題(ti)，首(shou)先對(dui)(dui)私家車(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)負荷(he)(he)進行(xing)建模，采用蒙特(te)卡(ka)羅(luo)抽樣模擬電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)無(wu)序(xu)(xu)(xu)行(xing)為(wei)下的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)負荷(he)(he)曲(qu)線。然(ran)后提(ti)出(chu)一(yi)種(zhong)新型(xing)的(de)多時段動(dong)態(tai)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)價格(ge)機制，引(yin)導車(che)主(zhu)有序(xu)(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)，并以配(pei)(pei)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)負荷(he)(he)波(bo)動(dong)比較小為(wei)目(mu)標函數，優(you)化電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)行(xing)為(wei)。比較后在(zai)IEEEE3節點配(pei)(pei)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)中，分別分析有序(xu)(xu)(xu)和無(wu)序(xu)(xu)(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)負荷(he)(he)并網(wang)(wang)時電(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)費用、配(pei)(pei)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)電(dian)壓偏(pian)移率及網(wang)(wang)損，結果表明所提(ti)策(ce)略可有效兼顧用戶利(li)益(yi)和配(pei)(pei)電(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)穩(wen)(wen)定運(yun)行(xing)。

關鍵詞：電(dian)動汽車；配電(dian)網；多時段動態充電(dian)價格；電(dian)壓偏移；網損(sun)

0引言

伴隨我(wo)國能源結構的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)整，制定(ding)(ding)以綠色新能源為(wei)(wei)主(zhu)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)新型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統(tong)可為(wei)(wei)推(tui)進國家(jia)“雙碳"目(mu)(mu)標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)早日實現發(fa)揮積(ji)極作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推(tui)廣(guang)和應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)在(zai)節能減排方面(mian)有(you)(you)(you)(you)著(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優(you)勢，推(tui)進電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)發(fa)展是推(tui)動(dong)(dong)我(wo)國能源轉型發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要環節。雖(sui)然(ran)(ran)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存(cun)在(zai)為(wei)(wei)人們(men)出(chu)行(xing)(xing)帶來(lai)了(le)巨大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)便利(li)，但(dan)(dan)由(you)于(yu)其充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)不確定(ding)(ding)性(xing)，大(da)(da)量(liang)無(wu)序、隨機的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)荷(he)直(zhi)接并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)會對(dui)(dui)(dui)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)造成(cheng)許多(duo)不可預知的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)面(mian)影響。因此(ci)應大(da)(da)力(li)推(tui)廣(guang)對(dui)(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)序充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管理，以兼顧(gu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)安全、經(jing)濟效益(yi)(yi)和用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)利(li)益(yi)(yi)．在(zai)解決電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)并(bing)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)如何管控(kong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)上，已有(you)(you)(you)(you)學者進行(xing)(xing)研(yan)究。考慮到配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)谷(gu)差(cha)(cha)較大(da)(da)導致變(bian)壓器過(guo)(guo)載(zai)和產生大(da)(da)量(liang)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)內(nei)(nei)損(sun)耗(hao)，提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)出(chu)了(le)一種對(dui)(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率(lv)進行(xing)(xing)實時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)優(you)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)策(ce)略(lve)，算例結果(guo)表明該(gai)策(ce)略(lve)可以有(you)(you)(you)(you)效降低網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)損(sun)。針對(dui)(dui)(dui)大(da)(da)規模電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)入網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)現象(xiang)，根據(ju)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)內(nei)(nei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)荷(he)狀態及電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)需求(qiu)等實時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)數(shu)據(ju)，利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)模糊控(kong)制算法對(dui)(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)做有(you)(you)(you)(you)序優(you)化(hua)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)效避(bi)免(mian)了(le)大(da)(da)規模車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)群(qun)入網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)引(yin)(yin)起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)荷(he)尖峰(feng)(feng)(feng)問題(ti)。將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)可放(fang)比(bi)較大(da)(da)容量(liang)為(wei)(wei)選定(ding)(ding)優(you)化(hua)目(mu)(mu)標(biao)，通過(guo)(guo)競(jing)價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法，引(yin)(yin)導用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)在(zai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間段利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)V2G技術(shu)饋(kui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)給(gei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)，以達到“削峰(feng)(feng)(feng)填谷(gu)"的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效果(guo)。基(ji)于(yu)虛(xu)擬電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)，考慮以系統(tong)負(fu)荷(he)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)谷(gu)差(cha)(cha)比(bi)較小(xiao)、用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)經(jing)濟性(xing)指標(biao)比(bi)較大(da)(da)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)折舊費用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)比(bi)較小(xiao)為(wei)(wei)目(mu)(mu)標(biao)對(dui)(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)建模，通過(guo)(guo)仿真算例證明了(le)該(gai)策(ce)略(lve)提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)效性(xing)。提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)出(chu)了(le)一種基(ji)于(yu)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)谷(gu)分(fen)(fen)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)為(wei)(wei)背景的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，考慮電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)隨機性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)(you)(you)序充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)策(ce)略(lve)，使(shi)得電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)在(zai)負(fu)荷(he)高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)期(qi)向網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)饋(kui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，負(fu)荷(he)低谷(gu)期(qi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，平(ping)滑了(le)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)內(nei)(nei)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)曲(qu)線。以分(fen)(fen)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)為(wei)(wei)背景，構建同時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)考慮用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)繳(jiao)費情(qing)況和負(fu)荷(he)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)目(mu)(mu)標(biao)優(you)化(hua)調(diao)度(du)(du)模型，使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)參與有(you)(you)(you)(you)序充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)管理規劃。通過(guo)(guo)算例分(fen)(fen)析驗(yan)證了(le)該(gai)方法不但(dan)(dan)可以減小(xiao)負(fu)荷(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)峰(feng)(feng)(feng)谷(gu)差(cha)(cha)，還能提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)高(gao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟效益(yi)(yi)。上述文獻中(zhong)，學者從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)側(ce)角度(du)(du)通過(guo)(guo)對(dui)(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)特性(xing)直(zhi)接調(diao)度(du)(du)或是從用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)側(ce)角度(du)(du)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)引(yin)(yin)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)優(you)化(hua)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei)來(lai)滿足(zu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)功率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)節。前者的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)直(zhi)接調(diao)度(du)(du)僅考慮了(le)對(dui)(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響，沒(mei)有(you)(you)(you)(you)調(diao)動(dong)(dong)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)觀意愿，實施(shi)推(tui)廣(guang)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)(you)難(nan)度(du)(du)；后者雖(sui)然(ran)(ran)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)因素很好調(diao)動(dong)(dong)了(le)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)參與性(xing)，但(dan)(dan)現有(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)分(fen)(fen)區(qu)少，限(xian)制了(le)調(diao)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)比(bi)較優(you)可能性(xing)。因此(ci)本文以私家(jia)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)并(bing)入配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)為(wei)(wei)研(yan)究對(dui)(dui)(dui)象(xiang)，根據(ju)短(duan)期(qi)負(fu)荷(he)預測為(wei)(wei)基(ji)礎提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)出(chu)一種新型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)段動(dong)(dong)態電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)策(ce)略(lve)，引(yin)(yin)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)有(you)(you)(you)(you)序充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。對(dui)(dui)(dui)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)繳(jiao)費、配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓偏移及網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)損(sun)情(qing)況加以分(fen)(fen)析后，驗(yan)證了(le)所提(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)格(ge)機制可以引(yin)(yin)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)(che)(che)(che)(che)有(you)(you)(you)(you)序充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，并(bing)兼顧(gu)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩(wen)定(ding)(ding)運行(xing)(xing)和用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)利(li)益(yi)(yi)。

1私(si)家車無(wu)序模(mo)式充電(dian)模(mo)型

本文從以下4個方(fang)面構建(jian)電(dian)動(dong)汽車的(de)充(chong)電(dian)模(mo)型。ａ?電(dian)動(dong)汽車電(dian)池特性本文選用鋰電(dian)池為研究對(dui)象(xiang)。與(yu)普通汽車相同，不同類(lei)型私家車電(dian)池容(rong)量有差(cha)異。

式(shi)中ｆQ為(wei)(wei)私家車(che)鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容(rong)量的(de)(de)概(gai)率密度；ｘ表示該時刻的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)容(rong)量大小，一般(ban)取值(zhi)為(wei)(wei)20-30kwh。鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)變化過程(cheng)如圖1所示。由于充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)起始(shi)過程(cheng)和(he)結束過程(cheng)的(de)(de)時間非常短暫，可(ke)以(yi)近(jin)似地認為(wei)(wei)鋰(li)(li)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)是恒功率充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。ｂ?車(che)主日(ri)行駛里程(cheng)本文引用美國交通部汽車(che)日(ri)出(chu)行數據進行分析

計算［13］，可知電動汽車(che)車(che)主每日用車(che)行駛里程(cheng)數(shu)的概(gai)率密度函(han)數(shu)為

式中：ｆD為(wei)(wei)(wei)車主(zhu)日(ri)行駛里程(cheng)的概(gai)(gai)率密度(du)函(han)(han)數；μD為(wei)(wei)(wei)期(qi)望值；σD為(wei)(wei)(wei)標準差。ｃ?車主(zhu)比較(jiao)后歸程(cheng)時刻假設車主(zhu)每日(ri)結束行程(cheng)時刻即為(wei)(wei)(wei)電(dian)動汽車每日(ri)開(kai)始充(chong)電(dian)時刻，比較(jiao)后歸程(cheng)概(gai)(gai)率密度(du)函(han)(han)數為(wei)(wei)(wei)

式中：ｆｓ為(wei)(wei)車(che)主(zhu)比(bi)較后規(gui)程的(de)概率密度函數；ｗ為(wei)(wei)回家(jia)時(shi)刻；μｓ為(wei)(wei)期(qi)(qi)望值(zhi)；σｓ為(wei)(wei)標(biao)準(zhun)差。ｄ?車(che)主(zhu)離家(jia)時(shi)間(jian)假(jia)設車(che)主(zhu)每日用車(che)期(qi)(qi)間(jian)只可放(fang)電不可充電，出行開始(shi)時(shi)刻的(de)概率密度函數為(wei)(wei)

式中：ｆｅ為(wei)車(che)主啟(qi)程(cheng)離(li)(li)家的概率密度(du)函數；ｖ為(wei)離(li)(li)家時刻(ke)。結(jie)合用戶出行數據及電動(dong)汽車(che)充(chong)(chong)電模型(xing)利用蒙特卡洛算法，得到500輛電動(dong)汽車(che)的24ｈ無序(xu)充(chong)(chong)電負荷曲線，如圖2所(suo)示。

２多時段(duan)動態(tai)電(dian)價下電(dian)動汽車有(you)序充電(dian)模型

2.1多時段動態(tai)電價區(qu)間(jian)劃(hua)分

傳統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)分(fen)(fen)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)一(yi)(yi)旦制定后其區間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)不(bu)再(zai)(zai)變化(hua)，但居民的(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)為(wei)會隨著季節變化(hua)、地域不(bu)同和(he)個人舒適度而改(gai)變，與(yu)原(yuan)分(fen)(fen)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)價(jia)(jia)格區間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)范圍有偏差，產生(sheng)負荷(he)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)峰(feng)谷不(bu)匹配的(de)(de)(de)現象。而電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車的(de)(de)(de)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)行(xing)為(wei)在時間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)上有很大隨機性(xing)，導致(zhi)實時電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)制定考慮(lv)因(yin)素十分(fen)(fen)復雜。因(yin)此本文根(gen)據(ju)短期負荷(he)預測為(wei)基(ji)礎提出一(yi)(yi)種新型的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)時段(duan)(duan)(duan)動態電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)策(ce)略。目前為(wei)止，隸(li)屬度函數(shu)是(shi)(shi)對(dui)(dui)傳統(tong)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)格進行(xing)劃(hua)分(fen)(fen)的(de)(de)(de)比較成熟且(qie)通用(yong)(yong)性(xing)比較廣的(de)(de)(de)方法。以表1某(mou)地區分(fen)(fen)時電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)為(wei)例，首(shou)先基(ji)于模糊數(shu)學(xue)的(de)(de)(de)理論，可將(jiang)(jiang)每個時間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)段(duan)(duan)(duan)認為(wei)是(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)個獨立的(de)(de)(de)模糊集合，然后利用(yong)(yong)隸(li)屬度函數(shu)構建時段(duan)(duan)(duan)內每時刻對(dui)(dui)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)隸(li)屬度，并(bing)根(gen)據(ju)隸(li)屬度值(zhi)將(jiang)(jiang)其劃(hua)分(fen)(fen)到對(dui)(dui)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)時間(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)段(duan)(duan)(duan)［14］。再(zai)(zai)將(jiang)(jiang)短期預測的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎負荷(he)劃(hua)分(fen)(fen)成多(duo)時段(duan)(duan)(duan)，根(gen)據(ju)每時段(duan)(duan)(duan)對(dui)(dui)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)負荷(he)值(zhi)計算相對(dui)(dui)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)。

式中(zhong)：Cｍａｘ和(he)Cｍｉｎ分(fen)別(bie)為(wei)分(fen)時(shi)電(dian)價的峰(feng)值(zhi)與谷(gu)值(zhi)；C?為(wei)每時(shi)段負(fu)荷在價格區間(jian)上的映射。

式中：Cｉ為精準。

2.2電動汽車(che)有序充電策略

電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)聚合商是專門針對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)進行資源整合的參與者，其(qi)部(bu)署(shu)的智能(neng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)可提供(gong)常規(gui)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式和充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)優(you)化模式。常規(gui)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式可將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池充(chong)(chong)(chong)至期望電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量值(zhi)，而優(you)化模式則需(xu)要根據(ju)車(che)主(zhu)個人用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)需(xu)求(qiu)輸入(ru)(ru)結(jie)束(shu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時刻及結(jie)束(shu)時刻的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)期望值(zhi)。車(che)輛接入(ru)(ru)后，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)將獲取該車(che)信(xin)息(xi)，將輸入(ru)(ru)值(zhi)及車(che)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的剩余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量反饋到系統調度中間，對收(shou)集的數(shu)據(ju)進行在(zai)線智能(neng)計算，形(xing)成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車(che)的充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)計劃。

2.3目標函數

本文以網(wang)內(nei)負(fu)荷波動比較小為(wei)目標函數。

式中(zhong)：F為(wei)目標函數；N為(wei)谷時(shi)(shi)段數目；Pｉ為(wei)第(di)ｉ個時(shi)(shi)段配電網的基礎負(fu)荷(he)值。

2.4約束條件

小值和比較大值。

Bu充(chong)電時(shi)段T約束(shu)Tｓ≤T≤Tｅ（12）式(shi)中：Tｓ為車主每日充(chong)電開始時(shi)刻(ke)(ke)；Tｅ為當(dang)天充(chong)電結束(shu)時(shi)刻(ke)(ke)。ｃ?總電量Ｓ約束(shu)本文優化中不計(ji)電池(chi)損耗，假設(she)電池(chi)容量為恒(heng)定值。

式中：K為充電的電動汽車數目；Tｃｈｉ為第ｉ輛車總(zong)充電時間。

2.5算法求解

傳統(tong)的(de)遺(yi)傳算(suan)(suan)法是一種(zhong)起源于生物進(jin)(jin)(jin)化(hua)規(gui)律演變(bian)(bian)的(de)尋優算(suan)(suan)法。從任意初(chu)始(shi)種(zhong)群開(kai)始(shi)，通過(guo)(guo)選擇、交(jiao)(jiao)叉(cha)、變(bian)(bian)異等環節，產(chan)生一些對環境適(shi)應(ying)度(du)高的(de)個體(ti)并進(jin)(jin)(jin)入搜索空間(jian)中更好的(de)區域(yu)，不斷繁衍進(jin)(jin)(jin)化(hua)，比較(jiao)(jiao)終得(de)到比較(jiao)(jiao)大適(shi)應(ying)度(du)的(de)個體(ti)作為(wei)(wei)(wei)比較(jiao)(jiao)優解(jie)輸出。但由于進(jin)(jin)(jin)化(hua)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中交(jiao)(jiao)叉(cha)概(gai)(gai)率(lv)參(can)數及變(bian)(bian)異概(gai)(gai)率(lv)參(can)數為(wei)(wei)(wei)定值，忽略了進(jin)(jin)(jin)化(hua)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中種(zhong)群的(de)自(zi)適(shi)應(ying)特性，存在過(guo)(guo)早收斂的(de)缺(que)陷(xian)。且算(suan)(suan)法沒(mei)有保留精(jing)英機制(zhi)(zhi)，適(shi)應(ying)度(du)高的(de)個體(ti)可能在進(jin)(jin)(jin)化(hua)中丟失好的(de)基因。為(wei)(wei)(wei)了解(jie)決以(yi)上問題，本文采(cai)用自(zi)適(shi)應(ying)交(jiao)(jiao)叉(cha)概(gai)(gai)率(lv)Kｃ和自(zi)適(shi)應(ying)變(bian)(bian)異概(gai)(gai)率(lv)Kｍ以(yi)及精(jing)英保留機制(zhi)(zhi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行優化(hua)求解(jie)［15］。自(zi)適(shi)應(ying)交(jiao)(jiao)叉(cha)概(gai)(gai)率(lv)Kｃ和自(zi)適(shi)應(ying)變(bian)(bian)異概(gai)(gai)率(lv)Kｍ公式如下：

式中：K1為(wei)基礎(chu)交叉概(gai)率；ｆｍａｘ為(wei)個(ge)體比較大適應度(du)(du)；ｆａｖ為(wei)個(ge)體適應度(du)(du)值(zhi)的(de)平(ping)均值(zhi)；fｌ為(wei)每相鄰交叉個(ge)體中較大的(de)適應度(du)(du)。

式中(zhong)：K2為基礎變異概率；ｆｉ為第I代進化(hua)的閾值(zhi)，公式如下：

式中：ｆｉI為第ｉ個個體(ti)；Kｅｅｐ＝1，則精英保留(liu)，Kｅｅｐ＝0，則不保留(liu)。優化過程如圖4。

3算例仿真與分析

3.1仿真場景設定

本文仿(fang)真過程選擇在IEEE33節(jie)(jie)(jie)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)中進行(xing)，其拓撲如(ru)圖5所示。假(jia)設(she)(she)節(jie)(jie)(jie)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)1為平(ping)衡節(jie)(jie)(jie)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，即電(dian)(dian)(dian)源接入(ru)節(jie)(jie)(jie)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，余下32個(ge)(ge)節(jie)(jie)(jie)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)全(quan)部(bu)為PQ節(jie)(jie)(jie)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。假(jia)設(she)(she)整個(ge)(ge)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)系統中含基礎負荷(he)以及(ji)1500輛電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)，車(che)群(qun)被(bei)均勻分配到節(jie)(jie)(jie)點(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)19,23和26中。以私家車(che)比亞迪(di)E1車(che)型作為研究(jiu)對象，規(gui)定(ding)每輛電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)的動力電(dian)(dian)(dian)池規(gui)格相同(tong)，參數為：220V，16Ａ慢充(chong)模式，限制容量(liang)為35KWH，3.52KWH恒(heng)功率充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)效率為0.82，轉換效率為0.90

3.2對用電負荷的(de)分析

電(dian)動汽車(che)以不同方式充電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)負(fu)荷(he)(he)曲(qu)線(xian)及配電(dian)網總負(fu)荷(he)(he)曲(qu)線(xian)如(ru)圖6、圖7所示。由圖6和圖7可知，通(tong)過動態價格的(de)(de)(de)引(yin)導，電(dian)動汽車(che)充電(dian)行為趨于有序化，車(che)主對(dui)充電(dian)時間(jian)段(duan)的(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)擇逐(zhu)漸向夜間(jian)轉(zhuan)移，負(fu)荷(he)(he)峰(feng)值水(shui)平大(da)幅度下降(jiang)，說明新(xin)型電(dian)價的(de)(de)(de)提出(chu)可以使車(che)主的(de)(de)(de)用電(dian)行為不再大(da)面積集(ji)中，系(xi)統總用電(dian)負(fu)荷(he)(he)曲(qu)線(xian)相對(dui)變(bian)得平緩，有削峰(feng)填谷的(de)(de)(de)效果。

由表2可知，無序充電(dian)車主日繳納電(dian)費(fei)為21880.8元(yuan)，基于(yu)多(duo)時段動態電(dian)價的有序充電(dian)日繳費(fei)為17248.80元(yuan)，比無序充電(dian)費(fei)用(yong)降低了21.17％。因此新(xin)電(dian)價機制的提(ti)出可有效降低車主充電(dian)成(cheng)本。

3.3對配電網影響(xiang)分析

將ＩＥＥＥ３３節(jie)點配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)模型的(de)節(jie)點負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)參(can)數和(he)優化(hua)后的(de)有序(xu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)數據導(dao)入(ru)(ru)ＭＡＴＬＡＢ軟件語言編程(cheng)(cheng)，對(dui)比(bi)以(yi)下(xia)(xia)３種(zhong)場景下(xia)(xia)的(de)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓偏移及網(wang)損。場景1：配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)內(nei)(nei)未接(jie)入(ru)(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)。場景2：配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)內(nei)(nei)接(jie)入(ru)(ru)無(wu)序(xu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)。場景3：配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)內(nei)(nei)接(jie)入(ru)(ru)有序(xu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)。圖8表示部分時(shi)(shi)段(duan)(duan)下(xia)(xia)3種(zhong)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方式的(de)網(wang)損率(lv)。可(ke)(ke)見(jian)18.00-24.00由于(yu)無(wu)序(xu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)的(de)接(jie)入(ru)(ru)使得網(wang)內(nei)(nei)網(wang)損明顯(xian)升高(gao)。原因是車主歸程(cheng)(cheng)后的(de)無(wu)序(xu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行為與用戶(hu)基(ji)礎用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)行為的(de)一致性導(dao)致網(wang)內(nei)(nei)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率(lv)激(ji)增。09.00-21.00時(shi)(shi)，對(dui)比(bi)接(jie)入(ru)(ru)無(wu)序(xu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)和(he)有序(xu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)，后者可(ke)(ke)有效降(jiang)低(di)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)網(wang)損，尤(you)其在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價高(gao)峰時(shi)(shi)段(duan)(duan)21.00網(wang)損率(lv)下(xia)(xia)降(jiang)了2.77％，效果比(bi)較(jiao)顯(xian)著。說(shuo)明多時(shi)(shi)段(duan)(duan)分時(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價的(de)提出引導(dao)車主有序(xu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對(dui)調節(jie)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)網(wang)損具有一定效果。

由圖9可知(zhi)，場景(jing)1配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)未(wei)接入充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負荷時(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)偏移(yi)都控制(zhi)在(zai)±7％以內(nei)，縱(zong)橫對比沒有發現(xian)(xian)嚴重的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)偏移(yi)現(xian)(xian)象，但是(shi)節(jie)點18和19在(zai)20.00-21.00時(shi)(shi)(shi)間段上有局部節(jie)點處在(zai)越限邊(bian)界(jie)。由圖10可知(zhi)，場景(jing)2中配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)內(nei)接入無序充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負荷時(shi)(shi)(shi)，節(jie)點13-19和28-33在(zai)晚間出現(xian)(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)越限情(qing)況，原因是(shi)無序充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負荷的(de)高峰(feng)期恰巧(qiao)與網(wang)內(nei)基礎負荷用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)高峰(feng)期時(shi)(shi)(shi)段相(xiang)疊。

圖11表(biao)示場景3下配電網內(nei)接入有序充電負荷時各(ge)個節(jie)點(dian)電壓(ya)的(de)偏(pian)(pian)移(yi)(yi)情況。與(yu)圖9和圖10對比(bi)可知(zhi)，有序充電負荷的(de)接入使(shi)局(ju)部節(jie)點(dian)越限(xian)現(xian)(xian)象得到緩解(jie)，偏(pian)(pian)移(yi)(yi)的(de)電壓(ya)回歸到正常標準范圍內(nei)。說明(ming)所提出的(de)新型動態(tai)分時電價可以通過對電動汽車進行(xing)充電有序化管理(li)來改善配電網電壓(ya)偏(pian)(pian)移(yi)(yi)現(xian)(xian)象。

由于大(da)量(liang)負荷(he)突然接入(ru)使各節點電壓發生偏移(yi)現象，因此對比(bi)較(jiao)大(da)負載(zai)量(liang)時(shi)刻（21.00）各節點電壓偏移(yi)情況進(jin)行對比(bi)更有意(yi)義，結果如圖12所示。

由圖(tu)12可(ke)知(zhi)，未接(jie)入(ru)無(wu)序(xu)負荷時網(wang)內(nei)(nei)(nei)各節點(dian)的電(dian)壓(ya)偏(pian)移(yi)都(dou)控制在±7％范(fan)圍以內(nei)(nei)(nei)，電(dian)壓(ya)無(wu)越限行為。當(dang)無(wu)序(xu)充電(dian)負荷并網(wang)后，一部(bu)分節點(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)發(fa)生顯著(zhu)(zhu)偏(pian)移(yi)，且偏(pian)移(yi)量均超過(guo)(guo)規(gui)定標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)范(fan)圍。而經過(guo)(guo)多時段動態電(dian)價策略調控的有序(xu)充電(dian)行為接(jie)入(ru)配電(dian)網(wang)后，網(wang)內(nei)(nei)(nei)各節點(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)值還原到標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)范(fan)圍以內(nei)(nei)(nei)，其中變化比較顯著(zhu)(zhu)的18號(hao)節點(dian)電(dian)壓(ya)標(biao)(biao)幺值由0.9467調整(zheng)到0.9828，電(dian)壓(ya)偏(pian)移(yi)率修正了3.61％。

4安科瑞(rui)充電(dian)樁(zhuang)收費(fei)運營云平臺

4.1概述

AcrelCloud-9000安(an)科瑞(rui)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)柱收費運營云(yun)平臺系統通過(guo)物聯(lian)網技術對接入(ru)系統的電(dian)(dian)(dian)動電(dian)(dian)(dian)動自(zi)行(xing)(xing)(xing)車充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)以(yi)及(ji)各(ge)個(ge)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)整法行(xing)(xing)(xing)不(bu)間斷地數據(ju)采集和監控，實時(shi)監控充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁運行(xing)(xing)(xing)狀態，進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)服務、支(zhi)付(fu)管理(li)，交易結(jie)算(suan)，資要(yao)管理(li)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)能管理(li)，明細查詢等(deng)(deng)。同時(shi)對充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機過(guo)溫保護、漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機輸入(ru)/輸出過(guo)壓，欠壓，絕緣低各(ge)類故(gu)障進(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)預警；充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁支(zhi)持以(yi)太網、4G或WIFI等(deng)(deng)方式接入(ru)互聯(lian)網，用戶通過(guo)微信、支(zhi)付(fu)寶(bao)，云(yun)閃付(fu)掃(sao)碼充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

4.2應用場所

適(shi)用(yong)于民用(yong)建(jian)(jian)筑、一般工業(ye)建(jian)(jian)筑、居住小(xiao)區、實業(ye)單位、商業(ye)綜合(he)體、學校、園(yuan)區等充(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁模式(shi)的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)基(ji)礎(chu)設施設計。

4.3系統結構

4.3.1系統(tong)分為(wei)四層：

1）即數(shu)據(ju)采集層、網絡傳輸層、數(shu)據(ju)中間層和客戶端(duan)層。

2）數據采集(ji)層：包(bao)括(kuo)電(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)車(che)智(zhi)能(neng)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁通訊協議為(wei)標準modbus-rtu。電(dian)(dian)瓶(ping)車(che)智(zhi)能(neng)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁用于采集(ji)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)回路的電(dian)(dian)力參數，并進行(xing)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)計量(liang)和保護。

3）網絡傳輸層(ceng)：通過4G網絡將數據上(shang)傳至(zhi)搭建(jian)好的數據庫服務器。

4）數據(ju)(ju)中(zhong)間層(ceng)：包含(han)應用服務器和數據(ju)(ju)服務器，應用服務器部署數據(ju)(ju)采集服務、WEB網站，數據(ju)(ju)服務器部署實(shi)時(shi)數據(ju)(ju)庫(ku)、歷史數據(ju)(ju)庫(ku)、基礎數據(ju)(ju)庫(ku)。

5）應客戶(hu)端層：系統管理(li)員(yuan)可(ke)在瀏覽器(qi)中(zhong)訪問電(dian)(dian)瓶車充電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)收費平臺。終端充電(dian)(dian)用(yong)戶(hu)通過刷卡(ka)掃碼的方式啟動充電(dian)(dian)。

小區充(chong)(chong)電平臺功能主要涵蓋充(chong)(chong)電設施智能化大屏、實時(shi)監控、交易管(guan)理(li)、故障管(guan)理(li)、統(tong)計分析、基礎數據管(guan)理(li)等功能，同時(shi)為運維人員提供運維APP，充(chong)(chong)電用戶提供充(chong)(chong)電小程(cheng)序。

4.4安(an)科瑞充電樁云(yun)平(ping)臺系統功能

4.4.1智能化大屏

智(zhi)能(neng)化大屏展示(shi)站點(dian)分布情(qing)況，對設備狀態(tai)、設備使(shi)用(yong)率(lv)、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)次數、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)時長、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)金額、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)度數、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)故障等進行統計顯示(shi)，同時可查看(kan)每個站點(dian)的站點(dian)信息、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)列表、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)記錄(lu)(lu)、收(shou)益、能(neng)耗、故障記錄(lu)(lu)等。統一管(guan)理小區充(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁(zhuang)，查看(kan)設備使(shi)用(yong)率(lv)，合理分配資源。

4.4.2.實(shi)時(shi)監控

實時監視充(chong)電設(she)施(shi)運行狀(zhuang)況，主(zhu)要包括(kuo)充(chong)電樁(zhuang)(zhuang)運行狀(zhuang)態(tai)、回路(lu)狀(zhuang)態(tai)、充(chong)電過程(cheng)中的充(chong)電電量、充(chong)電電壓/電流(liu)，充(chong)電樁(zhuang)(zhuang)告(gao)警信息等。

4.4.3交易管理

平(ping)臺管理人員可管理充電(dian)用戶賬戶，對其進行賬戶進行充值、退款、凍結、注銷等(deng)操作，可查看小(xiao)區用戶每日(ri)的充電(dian)交易(yi)詳細信息。

4.4.4故障管理

設(she)備自(zi)動(dong)上報(bao)故(gu)(gu)障信(xin)息，平臺管理(li)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)可通過平臺查(cha)看故(gu)(gu)障信(xin)息并進行派發處(chu)理(li)，同時運(yun)維(wei)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)可通過運(yun)維(wei)APP收取故(gu)(gu)障推送，運(yun)維(wei)人(ren)(ren)員(yuan)在運(yun)維(wei)工(gong)作完成后將結果上報(bao)。充電(dian)用戶也(ye)可通過充電(dian)小程序反(fan)饋(kui)現場(chang)問題。

4.4.5統計分析

通過系統(tong)平臺(tai)，從(cong)充(chong)電站點、充(chong)電設施、、充(chong)電時間、充(chong)電方式等不同角度(du)，查詢(xun)充(chong)電交易統(tong)計信息(xi)、能耗統(tong)計信息(xi)等。

4.4.6基礎數(shu)據(ju)管理

在系統平臺建立運營商戶，運營商可建立和管理其運營所需站點和充電設施，維護充電設施信息、價格策略、折扣、優惠活動，同時可管理在線卡用戶充值、凍結和解綁。

4.4.7運維APP

面向運維人員使用，可以對站點(dian)和(he)充(chong)(chong)電樁進行(xing)管理(li)、能夠(gou)進行(xing)故障(zhang)閉環處理(li)、查詢流量卡使用情況、查詢充(chong)(chong)電\充(chong)(chong)值(zhi)情況，進行(xing)遠程參數設置(zhi)，同(tong)時可接(jie)收(shou)故障(zhang)推(tui)送。

4.4.8充(chong)電小程(cheng)序

面向充(chong)電(dian)用戶使用，可查(cha)看(kan)附(fu)近空閑設備，主要包含(han)掃碼充(chong)電(dian)、賬戶充(chong)值，充(chong)電(dian)卡綁定、交(jiao)易查(cha)詢、故障申訴(su)等(deng)功能。

4.5系統硬件配置

5結語

本文基于分時(shi)電(dian)(dian)價(jia)與(yu)短期負(fu)荷預測提出了一種(zhong)新型多時(shi)段動態充電(dian)(dian)價(jia)格機制(zhi)，引(yin)導車(che)主(zhu)規(gui)劃用(yong)車(che)安排，使充電(dian)(dian)行為由無(wu)序(xu)變為有序(xu)。建立以配電(dian)(dian)網(wang)內負(fu)荷波(bo)(bo)動比(bi)較小(xiao)為目標函數，利(li)用(yong)MATLAB軟件進(jin)行算法(fa)編程，結果表明所提出的多時(shi)段動態電(dian)(dian)價(jia)策略可(ke)減(jian)小(xiao)網(wang)內的負(fu)荷波(bo)(bo)動，有明顯的削峰(feng)(feng)填谷作用(yong)，為車(che)主(zhu)減(jian)少21.17％的充電(dian)(dian)成本。此外還有效降低了21.00用(yong)電(dian)(dian)高峰(feng)(feng)期2.77％的網(wang)損率并修正18號節點(dian)3.61％的電(dian)(dian)壓偏移(yi)率，實現了保證車(che)主(zhu)充電(dian)(dian)利(li)益與(yu)提高配電(dian)(dian)網(wang)運行安全(quan)的并存。

參考文獻

于瀛涵，陳嘉(jia)德(de)，韓子嬌,苑舜，馬卓.《電動汽車的有序電管理(li)及其對配電網的影響(xiang)分析》

陳(chen)麗丹(dan)，張堯(yao)，電動汽車充放電負荷預(yu)測(ce)研究(jiu)綜述［J］．電力系統(tong)自(zi)動化，2019,43（10）：177-191．

梅哲，詹紅霞，楊孝華等．考慮電流保(bao)護(hu)的(de)配電網電動汽車(che)與分布式能源配合優(you)化(hua)運行策略［J］．電力自動化(hua)設備，2020，40（2）：89-102

王晛，張華君，張少華．風(feng)電(dian)(dian)和電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車組(zu)成(cheng)虛擬電(dian)(dian)廠參與電(dian)(dian)力(li)市(shi)場的博弈模型［J］．電(dian)(dian)力(li)系統自(zi)動(dong)化，2019.43（3）：155-162．

趙(zhao)傳立，劉莉，孫峰等．電(dian)動(dong)汽車放電(dian)對配電(dian)網電(dian)能質量影響［J］．東北電(dian)力技術，2016,37（9）：41-44.

郭帥，李家玨(jue)，黃旭，等．含電動汽車的電網(wang)負(fu)荷結構時序模型(xing)計(ji)算方法［J］．東北電力技術，2016,37（9）：1-5

《安科瑞(rui)企業微電網設計與應用手冊》.2022.05版.

安科瑞侯文莉