摘 要：針對電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)在(zai)居民(min)小(xiao)(xiao)區無序(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)網系統(tong)產生嚴重隱患及充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)間時(shi)過(guo)長(chang)問題，提出一種采(cai)用延遲充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)有序(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)控制策略，并(bing)在(zai)分析(xi)國內外電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)有序(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究現狀(zhuang)(zhuang)后，設計了居民(min)小(xiao)(xiao)區電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)有序(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)策略的(de)(de)(de)(de)總體框架。該策略采(cai)用延遲充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)進行有序(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)控制，通(tong)過(guo)計算(suan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)優先級來確定用戶(hu)(hu)開(kai)始充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)間以保證(zheng)離開(kai)時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)荷(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態，很大程度達到用戶(hu)(hu)期望(wang)荷(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態。通(tong)過(guo)算(suan)例仿真分析(xi)，證(zheng)明提出的(de)(de)(de)(de)延遲充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)策略可在(zai)滿(man)足用戶(hu)(hu)對電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量期望(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時(shi)達到削峰填谷的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用。

關鍵詞：電動汽(qi)車；有序(xu)充電；延遲充電；削峰填(tian)谷；儲能

0引言

隨(sui)著世界經濟的(de)(de)(de)(de)快(kuai)速(su)發(fa)(fa)展和人類對(dui)能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)需求的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷增長，能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)被大(da)(da)量(liang)消(xiao)耗，產(chan)生大(da)(da)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環境(jing)污染。機(ji)動(dong)(dong)車(che)(che)(che)輛已經成(cheng)為生產(chan)生活中的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)部(bu)分，使用(yong)燃油車(che)(che)(che)無疑會(hui)增加 CO2的(de)(de)(de)(de)排放。雖然(ran)新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)被越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)多地引入電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)，如光伏發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，風(feng)力(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)等(deng)。但由于二者的(de)(de)(de)(de)功率(lv)輸出是(shi)隨(sui)機(ji)波動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，會(hui)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系(xi)(xi)統造(zao)成(cheng)影響，產(chan)生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)質量(liang)問題。因此(ci)，減少燃油車(che)(che)(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)使用(yong)，從燃油動(dong)(dong)力(li)汽車(che)(che)(che)轉向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)汽車(che)(che)(che)（Electric Vehicle，EV）是(shi)解決汽車(che)(che)(che)造(zao)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環境(jing)污染的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)效手段。當前電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)系(xi)(xi)統的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)序(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對(dui)智能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展起著越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。隨(sui)著EV的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)規(gui)模使用(yong)，有(you)(you)序(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)及分布(bu)式能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)性日益增強(qiang)，需要(yao)解決EV充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)問題。目前針(zhen)對(dui)EV充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究內(nei)容主(zhu)要(yao)涉及充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負荷預(yu)測、V2G、EV參與輔助(zhu)服務、配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)等(deng),也(ye)有(you)(you)一(yi)些學者對(dui)EV充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)分層分區(qu)調度策略進行了研(yan)究。居(ju)民(min)小區(qu)具有(you)(you)用(yong)車(che)(che)(che)規(gui)律性強(qiang)、可控性強(qiang)、方便(bian)調研(yan)等(deng)優(you)勢，因此(ci)將居(ju)民(min)小區(qu)作為研(yan)究對(dui)象，針(zhen)對(dui)EV在居(ju)民(min)小區(qu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)過程中隨(sui)機(ji)停放且無序(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)系(xi)(xi)統產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)嚴重隱患(huan)及充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)間時過長的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題，提出一(yi)種(zhong)采用(yong)延遲(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)EV有(you)(you)序(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控制策略。

1 EV有序充電策略

1.1 EV有序充電控制架構

EV充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)將成為居民區電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力需求的(de)(de)重要組(zu)成部(bu)分(fen)，需要從(cong)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)規劃原(yuan)則和(he)負荷分(fen)布的(de)(de)影響(xiang)等方面展開研究。結(jie)合概率收費(fei)模(mo)型和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力消費(fei)數(shu)據(ju)，在(zai)標準(zhun)中(zhong)定義的(de)(de)不(bu)同充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功率下，隨機模(mo)擬不(bu)受控制(zhi)、限制(zhi)和(he)價格優化的(de)(de) EV充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)影響(xiang)。將大(da)量EV推遲(chi)至用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)谷時(shi)(shi)段進行充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)以減小(xiao)EV充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)對(dui)小(xiao)區變(bian)壓器的(de)(de)沖擊，并且(qie)考慮(lv)到分(fen)時(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價可減少用(yong)(yong)戶充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)用(yong)(yong)，提高經濟性(xing)，保(bao)證EV與電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)協(xie)調互動發展。EV有序充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)控制(zhi)架構如圖1所(suo)示。

圖1 EV有序(xu)充電控(kong)制(zhi)框架

1.2延遲充電的充電變量定義

EV返回(hui)(hui)后駐車時(shi)長的(de)計算方法(fa)為(wei)(wei)(wei) TS = tout - tback，（1）式(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)：TS為(wei)(wei)(wei)用戶駐車時(shi)長，h；tout為(wei)(wei)(wei)用戶外(wai)出時(shi)刻(ke)；tback為(wei)(wei)(wei)用戶返回(hui)(hui)時(shi)刻(ke)。EV結束充電(dian)(dian)時(shi)刻(ke)tover的(de)表(biao)達(da)式(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei) tover = tstart + Tcha，（2）式(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)：tstart為(wei)(wei)(wei)充電(dian)(dian)開(kai)始時(shi)刻(ke)；Tcha為(wei)(wei)(wei)充電(dian)(dian)時(shi)長，h。設t時(shi)刻(ke)共有(you)m輛EV進行充電(dian)(dian)，則EV充電(dian)(dian)總(zong) 功(gong)率(lv)Pt，EV和功(gong)率(lv)Pa.t的(de)表(biao)達(da)式(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei) Pt，EV =∑PEV，（3）式(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)：PEV為(wei)(wei)(wei)EV荷電(dian)(dian)功(gong)率(lv)。Pa.t = Pmax - Pload - Pt，EV，（4）式(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)：Pmax為(wei)(wei)(wei)功(gong)率(lv)限值，kW；Pload為(wei)(wei)(wei)除EV充電(dian)(dian)之外(wai)的(de)日(ri)常負(fu)荷，kW。EVi進行有(you)序充電(dian)(dian)的(de)優先級計算方法(fa)為(wei)(wei)(wei) γ = 1 - TS - Tcha 24 - Tout ，（5）式(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)：γ為(wei)(wei)(wei)EV充電(dian)(dian)優先級。

在(zai)設(she)計EV的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)優(you)(you)先級(ji)(ji)(ji)時(shi)(shi)，設(she)置當γ=1時(shi)(shi)的(de)優(you)(you)先級(ji)(ji)(ji)高(gao)，EV優(you)(you)先進(jin)行充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)；γ=0 時(shi)(shi)的(de)優(you)(you)先級(ji)(ji)(ji)較低，EV*后進(jin)行充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)。為了讓EV在(zai)車主(zhu)離開小區時(shi)(shi)處于(yu)滿(man)電(dian)(dian)狀態，需(xu)要設(she)置車主(zhu)的(de)優(you)(you)先級(ji)(ji)(ji)γ=1，確保EV電(dian)(dian)池狀態達到滿(man)電(dian)(dian)狀態。

1.3有序(xu)充電策略(lve)具(ju)體執行方式

EV有(you)序充(chong)(chong)電(dian)設(she)計重要的(de)(de)(de)部分是(shi)對延(yan)遲充(chong)(chong)電(dian)條(tiao)件的(de)(de)(de)設(she)置，通過對滿(man)足條(tiao)件的(de)(de)(de)EV延(yan)遲充(chong)(chong)電(dian)且不(bu)影響用戶(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)期望充(chong)(chong)電(dian)量為基礎，完成對居民小區EV有(you)序充(chong)(chong)電(dian)的(de)(de)(de)控制(zhi)。當用戶(hu)(hu)把 EV連(lian)接到充(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁時，可(ke)通過充(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁的(de)(de)(de)人機交互界(jie)面對EV的(de)(de)(de)期望荷電(dian)狀態、用戶(hu)(hu)預計離(li)開時刻進行設(she)定(ding)。充(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁通過充(chong)(chong)電(dian)控制(zhi)系統獲得EV的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)池信息(xi)，并將(jiang)EV的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)負荷信息(xi)上傳至有(you)序充(chong)(chong)電(dian)控制(zhi)器，有(you)序充(chong)(chong)電(dian)控制(zhi)器獲得各個(ge)EV的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)負荷信息(xi)后對EV的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)進行控制(zhi)，其實施(shi)流程如圖2所示，具體(ti)如下。

圖2采用延遲(chi)充電(dian)(dian)的EV有序充電(dian)(dian)流程

1. 在t時刻(ke)將已經充電完成(cheng)的EV從計算充電序列中剔除。

2. 檢測(ce)有無EV接(jie)入(ru)，若有則判(pan)斷是否符合延遲充電(dian)條(tiao)件(jian)，若無EV接(jie)入(ru)則轉入(ru)步驟

3. 延(yan)遲(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)條件：EV離開時(shi)刻在谷時(shi)段開始之后，且用戶返回時(shi)刻到*遲(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)完(wan)成時(shi)刻的(de)(de)時(shi)長大于EV充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)所需時(shi)間。若上述延(yan)遲(chi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)條件均滿足則EV進入有序(xu)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)控制(zhi)器的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)等(deng)待序(xu)列(lie)中，否則立即對EV充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)以保(bao)證充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)結束(shu)時(shi)的(de)(de)電(dian)池電(dian)量較(jiao)大程度接近用戶期(qi)待荷電(dian)。

（4）有序充電控制中臺采集(ji)t時刻該小區(qu)實時負荷信息，尋找充電等待序列優(you)先級EV。

（5）若EV充(chong)(chong)(chong)電優(you)(you)先級 γ=1，則(ze)有序充(chong)(chong)(chong)電控制(zhi)器(qi)對充(chong)(chong)(chong)電樁下達命令使其對EV進行充(chong)(chong)(chong)電，若充(chong)(chong)(chong)電優(you)(you)先級γ≠1，則(ze)采用(yong)當(dang)日制(zhi)定的(de)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)限(xian)制(zhi)值計算t時刻(ke)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)裕度判斷功(gong)率(lv)(lv)裕度是否大(da)于EV充(chong)(chong)(chong)電功(gong)率(lv)(lv)。

（6）若功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)裕(yu)度大于(yu)EV充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)則(ze)對EV進(jin)行(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，記錄開始(shi)時(shi)(shi)間，計(ji)算結(jie)束(shu)時(shi)(shi)間，并更新功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)裕(yu)度，繼(ji)續尋找本時(shi)(shi)刻高優(you)先級(ji)的EV，判(pan)(pan)斷(duan)是(shi)否可(ke)以(yi)進(jin)行(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，直到充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)優(you)先級(ji)γ≠1 且功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)裕(yu)度小EV充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)（判(pan)(pan)定優(you)先級(ji)γ=1的邏(luo)輯(ji)為：當EV在(zai)t時(shi)(shi)刻到*遲完成充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)刻等于(yu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)所需時(shi)(shi)長時(shi)(shi)開始(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)、當停(ting)留時(shi)(shi)長等于(yu)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)長時(shi)(shi)開始(shi)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。其他充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)優(you)先γ≠1的車輛均根據功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)裕(yu)度判(pan)(pan)斷(duan)是(shi)否進(jin)行(xing)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)）。

（7）判斷 t時(shi)刻(ke)是(shi)否晚于谷(gu)時(shi)段開始時(shi)刻(ke)，是(shi)則(ze)結束(shu)循環(huan)，控(kong)制結束(shu)，否則(ze)重新執行步驟

為更加(jia)直觀地展現(xian)上述過程(cheng)，通過問卷收集了15條居民小區EV充電(dian)數據，見(jian)表(biao)1。

表1 居(ju)民小(xiao)區EV充電數據

假設該(gai)小區的峰(feng)谷時(shi)(shi)段(duan)為(wei)21：00至次日08：00。在不(bu)(bu)考慮功率(lv)限制、僅滿足優先級但(dan)不(bu)(bu)具體根據優先級進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)有(you)序(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的情況(kuang)下，對(dui)上述控制邏輯(ji)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)簡單的模擬，結果如圖3所示，并(bing)與即(ji)(ji)充(chong)即(ji)(ji)走(zou)的無序(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)模式進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)對(dui)比。圖3中藍色為(wei)EV充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)(shi)間，紅(hong)色為(wei) EV可以(yi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的時(shi)(shi)間。由(you)圖 3 可見：C，G， H，I，J，K，L 號 EV 均可在峰(feng)谷時(shi)(shi)進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。但(dan)由(you)于沒有(you)有(you)序(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)策略的幫助，導致原本可以(yi)延遲充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的EV在到達小區時(shi)(shi)就立即(ji)(ji)開始充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，導致用電(dian)(dian)(dian)高(gao)峰(feng)時(shi)(shi)有(you)大量EV接入電(dian)(dian)(dian)網進(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，給小區的變(bian)壓器帶來(lai)很(hen)大的負擔，甚至會(hui)產生安全隱患(huan)。

圖(tu)3即充(chong)即走的(de)無序充(chong)電模(mo)式(shi)

如果采用(yong)有序(xu)充(chong)電策略，如圖4所示，21：00前用(yong)電高(gao)峰(feng)階(jie)段進行(xing)充(chong)電的(de)EV數量(liang)明顯減少，從9輛減少為5輛。同(tong)時，21：00后用(yong)電峰(feng)谷(gu)時段的(de)充(chong)電EV由3輛增(zeng)加至(zhi)7輛，顯著降低了用(yong)電高(gao)峰(feng)期的(de)變(bian)壓器負荷，同(tong)時利(li)用(yong)夜晚用(yong)電谷(gu)時段進行(xing)充(chong)電，達到了削峰(feng)填谷(gu)的(de)目的(de)。

2 EV有序充電(dian)算例分(fen)析

對(dui)提出的(de)EV有序(xu)充電策略(lve)(lve)進行試驗(yan)算(suan)例(li)分析，并利用仿真結果證明有序(xu)充電策略(lve)(lve)的(de)有效性。

2.1參數設置

為(wei)進行仿真分析，通(tong)過(guo)問卷調查獲(huo)取小(xiao)區(qu)(qu)EV回到社(she)(she)區(qu)(qu)的(de)時間如圖(tu)5所(suo)示。所(suo)采(cai)訪小(xiao)區(qu)(qu)的(de)用電負荷高(gao)峰出現在20：00，功(gong)率(lv)峰值約900kW，其次為(wei)12：00，功(gong)率(lv)峰值約600 kW。EV返回后(hou)電池平均剩余容量為(wei) 50%。通(tong)過(guo)問卷獲(huo)取EV離開社(she)(she)區(qu)(qu)的(de)時間和EV充滿(man)電所(suo)用時間分別如圖(tu)6及圖(tu)7所(suo)示。

圖5EV 返回小區時間(jian)

圖6EV 離開小(xiao)區時(shi)間

圖(tu)7 EV 充電時(shi)長

對用戶(hu)充電行為(wei)進行如下(xia)假(jia)設。

1. 用(yong)戶出(chu)行數據取(qu)自圖5—7，共計44輛EV，充電樁(zhuang)的配比為1∶1，可隨(sui)時接(jie)入充電樁(zhuang)，等待有序充電控(kong)制器(qi)的控(kong)制。

（2）充電(dian)(dian)樁為慢速(su)交流充電(dian)(dian)裝置，充電(dian)(dian)功率為7kW，谷時段為22：00—次(ci)日08：00。

（3）EV每天返回后均(jun)進行充電(dian)，用戶期望駕車離開時EV電(dian)池(chi)電(dian)量(liang)為100%。

（4）變(bian)壓(ya)器的負荷紅線為1100kW。

2.2仿真結果

利用提出(chu)的(de)(de)EV有序(xu)(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)策略(lve)對案例進行仿真分(fen)析，可得出(chu)有序(xu)(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和無(wu)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)波(bo)動曲線如圖8所示。從(cong)有序(xu)(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和無(wu)序(xu)(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)曲線的(de)(de)波(bo)動可以看(kan)出(chu)，不采用有序(xu)(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)策略(lve)，EV充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)處于(yu)大(da)規模無(wu)序(xu)(xu)狀態，且EV的(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)期(qi)出(chu)現在一天(tian)中的(de)(de)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)期(qi)到凌晨。此時(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)系統(tong)的(de)(de)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量即為負(fu)荷的(de)(de)高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)系統(tong)的(de)(de)負(fu)荷壓力也很大(da)。而在有序(xu)(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)模式下，通過(guo)合理(li)地(di)安排(pai)EV充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)順序(xu)(xu)，可有效縮短EV充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)時(shi)間(jian)，并將(jiang)原(yuan)本在用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)高(gao)峰(feng)(feng)期(qi)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)EV安排(pai)到其他時(shi)間(jian)段充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，提高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)安全(quan)運行，降低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)系統(tong)的(de)(de)負(fu)荷壓力。

圖8 EV有序充電(dian)于無序充電(dian)負荷對比

為了(le)更直觀地體現(xian)有序(xu)充電(dian)的控制效果，計算44輛EV在無序(xu)充電(dian)充電(dian)模式(shi)和有序(xu)充電(dian)模式(shi)下的峰(feng)谷差(cha)，結果見表2。

從(cong)表(biao)2無(wu)序(xu)(xu)充電(dian)(dian)充電(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)和有(you)(you)序(xu)(xu)充電(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)下負(fu)(fu)荷數(shu)據對比可(ke)見： EV數(shu)量相(xiang)同的(de)情況(kuang)下，有(you)(you)序(xu)(xu)充電(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)的(de)負(fu)(fu)荷總峰(feng)(feng)值(zhi)(zhi)遠(yuan)小于無(wu)序(xu)(xu)充電(dian)(dian)充電(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)時的(de)總峰(feng)(feng)值(zhi)(zhi)，且(qie)無(wu)序(xu)(xu)充電(dian)(dian)充電(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)已經超過負(fu)(fu)荷的(de)紅(hong)線（1100kW），而有(you)(you)序(xu)(xu)充電(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)可(ke)以(yi)保(bao)證(zheng)負(fu)(fu)荷的(de)穩定性；從(cong)負(fu)(fu)荷的(de)峰(feng)(feng)谷(gu)差可(ke)以(yi)看出，有(you)(you)序(xu)(xu)充電(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)的(de)峰(feng)(feng)谷(gu)差僅為無(wu)序(xu)(xu)充電(dian)(dian)充電(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)峰(feng)(feng)谷(gu)差的(de)1/2。可(ke)見提出的(de)基(ji)于EV延遲充電(dian)(dian)的(de)有(you)(you)序(xu)(xu)充電(dian)(dian)策略可(ke)以(yi)有(you)(you)效控制EV充電(dian)(dian)安(an)全，并達(da)到削(xue)峰(feng)(feng)填谷(gu)、錯(cuo)峰(feng)(feng)充電(dian)(dian)的(de)目(mu)的(de)，對EV的(de)推廣具有(you)(you)一定的(de)積極意義。

1. 安科瑞充電(dian)樁收(shou)費(fei)運營云(yun)平臺

3.1概述

AcrelCloud-9000安科瑞充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)柱收費運(yun)營云平臺系統(tong)通過物聯網(wang)技(ji)術(shu)對接入(ru)系統(tong)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)自行車(che)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站以(yi)及各(ge)個(ge)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)整法行不間斷地數(shu)據(ju)采集和監控，實時監控充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)運(yun)行狀(zhuang)態，進行充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)服務、支付管(guan)理，交(jiao)易結(jie)算(suan)，資要管(guan)理、電(dian)(dian)(dian)能管(guan)理，明細(xi)查詢等。同時對充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)過溫保護(hu)、漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)輸(shu)入(ru)/輸(shu)出過壓，欠壓，絕緣低各(ge)類故障進行預(yu)警；充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)支持以(yi)太網(wang)、4G或WIFI等方(fang)式接入(ru)互聯網(wang)，用戶通過微信、支付寶，云閃付掃碼充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

3.2應用場所

適用于民用建(jian)筑(zhu)、一(yi)般工業(ye)建(jian)筑(zhu)、居住小區、實業(ye)單位(wei)、商(shang)業(ye)綜合體、學校、園區等(deng)充電(dian)樁模式的充電(dian)基(ji)礎設施設計。

3.3系統結構

3.3.1系統(tong)分為四(si)層：

1）即數據(ju)采集層(ceng)、網絡傳輸層(ceng)、數據(ju)中心層(ceng)和(he)客戶(hu)端層(ceng)。

2）數(shu)(shu)據采集(ji)(ji)層(ceng)：包(bao)括電(dian)(dian)瓶車智能(neng)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁通(tong)訊協議為標準modbus-rtu。電(dian)(dian)瓶車智能(neng)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁用(yong)于采集(ji)(ji)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)回(hui)路的電(dian)(dian)力參數(shu)(shu)，并進行(xing)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)計量和保(bao)護。

3）網絡(luo)傳輸層：通過(guo)4G網絡(luo)將數(shu)據上傳至搭(da)建好的數(shu)據庫(ku)服務器。

4）數(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)中心層：包含(han)應(ying)用(yong)服務(wu)器和數(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)服務(wu)器，應(ying)用(yong)服務(wu)器部(bu)署(shu)數(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)采集服務(wu)、WEB網站，數(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)服務(wu)器部(bu)署(shu)實時(shi)數(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)庫(ku)、歷(li)史數(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)庫(ku)、基(ji)礎數(shu)據(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)庫(ku)。

5）應客戶端層：系(xi)統管理(li)員可(ke)在瀏覽器中訪問電瓶車充(chong)(chong)電樁收費平臺。終端充(chong)(chong)電用(yong)戶通過刷卡掃碼的方式(shi)啟動充(chong)(chong)電。

小區充(chong)電(dian)(dian)平臺功能主(zhu)要涵蓋(gai)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)設施智能化大屏、實時監控、交易管理(li)、故障管理(li)、統計(ji)分(fen)析、基礎(chu)數據管理(li)等功能，同(tong)時為運(yun)維人員提供(gong)(gong)運(yun)維APP，充(chong)電(dian)(dian)用(yong)戶(hu)提供(gong)(gong)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)小程序。

3.4安(an)科(ke)瑞充電樁(zhuang)云平臺系統功(gong)能

3.4.1智能化大屏(ping)

智能化大屏展示(shi)站(zhan)點分(fen)布(bu)情況(kuang)，對設備(bei)狀態(tai)、設備(bei)使(shi)用率(lv)、充(chong)電(dian)次(ci)數(shu)、充(chong)電(dian)時長、充(chong)電(dian)金額、充(chong)電(dian)度數(shu)、充(chong)電(dian)樁故障等進(jin)行統(tong)計顯(xian)示(shi)，同時可查看每(mei)個站(zhan)點的站(zhan)點信息、充(chong)電(dian)樁列表(biao)、充(chong)電(dian)記錄等。統(tong)一(yi)管理(li)小區充(chong)電(dian)樁，查看設備(bei)使(shi)用率(lv)，合理(li)分(fen)配資源。

3.4.2.實(shi)時(shi)監(jian)控(kong)

實時監視充電設施運行狀況，主要包括充電樁運行狀態、回路狀態、充電過程中的充電電量、充電電壓/電流，充電樁告警信息等。

3.4.3交易管理

平臺管理人員可管理充電用戶賬戶，對其進行賬戶進行充值、退款、凍結、注銷等操作，可查看小區用戶每日的充電交易詳細信息。3.4.4故障管理

設備自動(dong)上(shang)報故障信(xin)息，平(ping)臺管(guan)理人員可通過平(ping)臺查看(kan)故障信(xin)息并進行派發處(chu)理，同時運(yun)(yun)維(wei)(wei)人員可通過運(yun)(yun)維(wei)(wei)APP收取故障推送，運(yun)(yun)維(wei)(wei)人員在運(yun)(yun)維(wei)(wei)工(gong)作完(wan)成后將結(jie)果上(shang)報。充(chong)電(dian)用戶也(ye)可通過充(chong)電(dian)小程序(xu)反饋(kui)現場問題(ti)。

3.4.5統計分析

通過(guo)系統平臺，從充(chong)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)點、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)設施、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)時間、充(chong)電(dian)(dian)方式等不(bu)同角度(du)，查詢充(chong)電(dian)(dian)交易統計(ji)信息、能耗統計(ji)信息等。

3.4.6基(ji)礎(chu)數據管理

在系統平臺建立運營商戶，運營商可建立和管理其運營所需站點和充電設施，維護充電設施信息、價格策略、折扣、優惠活動，同時可管理在線卡用戶充值、凍結和解綁。

3.4.7運維(wei)APP

面向運維人(ren)員使用，可以對站點和充電樁進(jin)行(xing)管理(li)、能夠進(jin)行(xing)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)閉環處理(li)、查詢流量(liang)卡使用情況(kuang)(kuang)、查詢充電\充值情況(kuang)(kuang)，進(jin)行(xing)遠程參數設置，同時可接收故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)推(tui)送。

3.4.8充電小程(cheng)序

面向(xiang)充電用戶使用，可查(cha)看附近(jin)空閑(xian)設備，主要包(bao)含(han)掃碼充電、賬戶充值，充電卡綁定、交(jiao)易查(cha)詢、故障申訴等功能。

3.5系統硬件配置

4結束語

EV的(de)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)周期與人們的(de)生(sheng)(sheng)活習慣(guan)密切相關。隨著全國EV保有量逐年增多(duo)，EV大量無序充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de) 充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)模(mo)式將對電(dian)(dian)網產生(sheng)(sheng)較大的(de)影響，因此有必要對居民區的(de)EV充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)進行合理規(gui)劃，提出合理的(de)家用EV充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)策略，確保電(dian)(dian)網充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)區域的(de)安(an)全穩定運(yun)行。

1. 從EV充(chong)電的選擇策略著手進行研究，介(jie)紹了E有(you)序充(chong)電的基礎(chu)理論，分(fen)析了大(da)規模(mo) EV充(chong)電過程(cheng)中遇到的問題。

2. 介紹了EV充(chong)電(dian)策略的理論基(ji)礎，對EV充(chong)電(dian)的模式進行(xing)了分析，然后(hou)針對居民小區充(chong)電(dian)充(chong)電(dian)模式提出了一種基(ji)于延遲(chi)充(chong)電(dian)的EV有(you)序充(chong)電(dian)策略，并對充(chong)電(dian)策略的總體框架進行(xing)了分析。

3. 以實際居(ju)民(min)小區EV充(chong)電(dian)(dian)為例進行仿真分析，證明了本文(wen)提(ti)(ti)出(chu)的(de)EV有(you)序(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)策略的(de)方(fang)法能 夠實現EV有(you)序(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，并(bing)有(you)效降低(di)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)總峰值(zhi)，達到削峰填谷、錯峰充(chong)電(dian)(dian)的(de)目的(de)，表明提(ti)(ti)出(chu)的(de)有(you)序(xu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)策略方(fang)法設計的(de)有(you)效性。

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